SMOKING AND TOBACCO
1. Adverse effects of smoking
- Various types of cancer
- Pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases
- Low birth weight
2. Risk factor for initiation and progression of periodontal disease.
3. Current smokers are about 4 times more likely to have advanced periodontal disease
- compared to those who have never smoked
Direct association with:
- Increased calculus deposition
- Deeper pockets and greater attachment loss
- More pronounced radiographic evidence of furcation involvement
- Increased alveolar bone loss
- Less favorable response to periodontal and implant therapy.
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